After a long and honored history including service in both World Wars, the story of the USS Nevada and its subsequent memorial in Pearl Harbor are largely forgotten. Although it was present and sunk in Pearl Harbor when the Japanese military attacked the base on December 7, 1941, it is far less remembered than other World War II ships like the USS Arizona or the USS Missouri.

There is no question that the U.S.S. Arizona Memorial remains the signature site for visitors to Pearl Harbor each year. For many, it is the most tangible reminder of when Japanese planes attacked the Hawaiian naval base and surrounding airfields to open the United States’ formal participation in World War II. The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial has become a well-known landmark with its sweeping white superstructure and the engraved names of the 1177 men who died aboard the ship that day. The ship's remains rest on the shallow floor of the Pearl Harbor Naval Base, next to the quay where the ship was tied up that morning. Stretching in front of and behind the U.S.S. Arizona are additional quays where other battleships were tied up on what was known as Battleship Row.

Although it is the best known, the U.S.S Arizona was not the only ship to be attacked. Of the eight battleships that were present in Pearl Harbor on the morning of December 7, six of them would be sunk during the attack. Visitors today can visualize where each of the battleships was located on the morning of the attack by looking at the quays rising above the water, painted a brilliant white with each ship’s name prominently displayed, signifying its location on the morning of December 7th, 1941.

Memorials commemorating some of the lost ships and men were built at different times. The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial was the first constructed after a significant portion of the memorial’s cost was raised by a campaign boosted by the TV show This Is Your Life and, more famously, a benefit concert featuring Elvis Presley in March 1961. Another significant boost came from the Revell model company, which donated proceeds from sales of plastic models of the sunken ship. The U.S. Naval Institute News documents the details of these fund-raising efforts. In 1972, the second memorial was dedicated to the U.S.S. Utah as described on the USS UTAH BB-31/AG-16: The Forgotten Ship of Pearl Harbor's website. The U.S.S. Utah’s crumbling remains a short distance from the U.S.S. Arizona, separated by a white quay bearing the name of the last battleship anchored in Battleship Row that day, the USS Nevada.

A memorial for the U.S.S. Nevada, the third ship memorialized at Pearl Harbor, didn’t appear until 1981, and of the three, it gets very little visitor attention. Commercial tour operators used to bring tourists through the Pearl Harbor Naval Base, where the memorial was pointed out to tourists. However, post-9/11 security restrictions ended this access. Today, it is not accessible by any of the commercially available tours. Situated near the former chief doctors’ quarters at Hospital Point, visitors need a military or Park Service escort to take them there if they wish to visit and honor the USS Nevada and the men who served aboard her. The Memorial’s location over a mile away from the U.S.S. Arizona memorial, its remoteness, and the security requirements all add to a minimal number of visitors annually. U.S.S. Nevada veteran Richard Ramsey wistfully noted, “It’s not exactly a tourist attraction. It’s pretty far from Honolulu.” The website on the monuments and memorials in Pearl Harbor doesn’t even list it since the Navy owns and maintains it. The isolation of the memorial thus contributes to a sense that the ship's history has been forgotten despite its fantastic record, a story that deserves to be remembered and preserved.

The U.S.S. Nevada’s career began with active service during World War I, but her first significant combat action came during the attack at Pearl Harbor. She is primarily remembered in Pearl Harbor lore for one of the few things that raised the morale of those present that morning. Over the weekend of December 5, 1941, she was moored immediately behind the Arizona. Much of the ship’s crew had gone ashore for the weekend, leaving a partial crew behind to man their watches. With no indications that anything was amiss, the U.S.S. Nevada’s band began playing “The Star-Spangled Banner” as the flag was raised at the battlewagon’s stern at 8:00 AM. At that moment, the first Japanese planes appeared and began attacking their targets. The ship’s band continued through the end of the song. Only then did the sailors run to their battle stations and prepare to return fire against the Japanese planes, as described by Wayne Scarpaci: a Naval artist, historian, and author.

The U.S.S. Nevada and her men were determined to fight back against the attackers. Her official history shows she downed a Japanese plane two minutes later. At 8:10 AM, Nevada was struck by an aerial torpedo, followed 14 minutes later by the first of many bombs that would hit her that day. Not wanting to be a stationary target and to get away from the furiously burning Arizona ahead of her, the officer of the deck ordered the ship to get underway as quickly as possible. This crucial effort allowed Nevada to cast off her mooring lines while swinging wide of Arizona and moving into the channel to head to sea by 8:40 AM. The U.S.S. Nevada was the only battleship to do so that day, as noted by Christopher Havern: a Historian at Naval History and Heritage Command.

As dazed and shocked sailors on ships and land cheered the sight of the Nevada’s sprint, Japanese pilots saw the ship moving and tried to sink her to block the channel. Already on fire, the Nevada was hit by at least six bombs and began to sink as she moved forward. Realizing she could potentially block any ships going in or out of Pearl Harbor, Nevada’s crew intentionally ran her aground. Later that afternoon, she was moved further out of the way and finally settled onto the bottom of Pearl Harbor just off Hospital Point, with most of her upper structure standing proudly out of the water. Fifty men lost their lives on the ship that day, and two of her crew members were awarded Medals of Honor for their actions, one posthumously as described by Havern.

On February 12th, 1942, the Navy carefully completed refloating the battleship, hoping to return it to service after repairing the substantial damage and modernizing it. The ship's holes were patched, and she was sailed carefully back to Puget Sound, Washington, where repair work was done over the course of several months. Her first wartime assignment took her to the Aleutian Islands in April 1943 to regain control of the only American territory occupied by Axis troops. It was the first time the Nevada’s main guns were used in combat. By May, Japanese troops withdrew.

The U.S.S. Nevada subsequently transferred to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet for convoy duty, and in late May 1944, the ship was alerted to prepare for the D-Day landings in France. The ship fired the first shots from the huge supporting armada to begin bombarding German positions in Normandy. She continued providing fire support until her ammunition ran low, forcing a return to England to reload. The U.S.S. Nevada later supported Operation Dragoon, the landing of troops in Southern France before returning to the U.S. Pacific Fleet to provide fire support at Iwo Jima and later at Okinawa. While operating off Okinawa, the ship was hit by a Japanese dive bomber that killed 11 men. The battleship then brought home former prisoners of war from captivity in what was known as Operation Magic Carpet per Havern.

Like thousands of ships, Navy leaders had to figure out what to do with the U.S.S. Nevada and other surplus ships after the war ended. Given the ship's age and the peacetime drawdown of the Navy, it was decided that tests of the new atomic bomb were needed, and one of the things leaders wanted to know was how well ships would survive this new form of warfare. The U.S.S. Nevada was hit with two nuclear blasts in 1946 but did not sink. Unsure what to do with the radioactive ship, it finally met its end in 1947 following several days of being fired upon by ships of the Pacific fleet for target practice. The scarred battleship that had survived two world wars, including being sunk and refloated later at Pearl Harbor only to be later hit in a kamikaze attack, would not be allowed to be memorialized and preserved like other ships. Instead, she slipped beneath the waves, living only in the memories of those who loved her. There would be no tourists climbing all over the ship as they do on the U.S.S. Missouri, reading about the Nevada’s exploits and learning about its involvement in some of the most titanic events of the 20th century.

The U.S.S. Nevada Memorial came into being thanks to World War II veteran Paul Hughey, who arrived in Pearl Harbor aboard the carrier U.S.S. Lexington immediately following the attack. In a 1983 interview in The Columbia Record, he recalled visiting the base in the late 1970s, when "I took the boat tour up the Pearl Harbor channel and looking at the shoreline, I couldn't place in my mind exactly where the Nevada had been, and I thought that wasn't right... It was a terrific story courage and bravery and seamanship, and I thought it should be recognized. "

The design and construction of the Memorial was very different and smaller than that of the Arizona’s and the Utah’s Memorials. No one offered to host a big-name concert or sell ship models to pay for the memorial’s construction. If the ship were memorialized, it would be left to veterans and their friends to raise the needed funds. A plaque on the Memorial credits the USS Nevada Association and the Pacific Central Navy League with providing the money for its construction. Designers decided to place the U.S.S. Nevada Memorial on a piece of land near Hospital Point, where she ran aground during the attack. The location allows the fortunate visitor to look out and to the right toward the naval base, mentally recreating the courageous journey of the battleship on December 7th. An American flag flies proudly from the tall, white flagpole rising behind the center of the concrete plinth that is the heart of the memorial. A large brass plaque centered on the front side remembers Nevada’s two Medal of Honor and 15 Navy Cross recipients from December 7th and solemnly displays the name of each of the 50 men killed in action.

Dan Martinez, a longtime National Park Service historian assigned to Pearl Harbor, recalls that the members of the Nevada Association intended for the Memorial to be a “purposeful” one, primarily to display the large brass plaque. As such, little effort was made to add symbolic touches. The dedication on December 7th, 1983, was attended by many U.S.S. Nevada veterans, who took the opportunity to have their annual reunion in Honolulu for the occasion. The Memorial has evolved with additional signage and plaques to provide additional information for tourists to understand the ship's history better.

Over time, the memorial has been the site of naval re-enlistments for base personnel and the location for various ceremonies such as significant anniversaries of the attack. The 80th anniversary in 2021 might be the last event that a U.S.S. Nevada veteran could attend in person. The attendee was Richard Ramsey, then 98 years old. The loquacious nonagenarian recalled the Memorial “is a place I can go to, and it’s a place that says Nevada; it just brings back memories.”

As the last veterans who witnessed Pearl Harbor or served aboard the U.S.S. Nevada fade away, the U.S.S. Nevada Memorial ensures that her memory and the actions of the men aboard that historic day will not be entirely forgotten. While far less accessible and grand than the U.S.S. Arizona’s famous memorial, the U.S.S. Nevada Memorial continues to evolve, educate, and inspire its visitors about a storied ship that served in two World Wars only to finally sink under the waves in the early stages of the atomic age.

(Edited by Brad Poss and Laura Bailey)

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Okinawa is home to numerous World War II monuments, most located on the southern tip of the island, where the fighting during the Battle of Okinawa was harshest. One such monument, the Cornerstone of Peace and Okinawa Prefectural Memorial Peace Museum, serves as an essential reminder of the importance of world peace and the evils of war.

The Cornerstone of Peace is the most recently built monument in the Okinawa Prefectural Memorial Peace Park on Mabuni Hill in Itoman City. While monuments and museums on the Japanese mainland often attempt to convey anti-war messaging by focusing on Japan's suffering or the noble sacrifices the Japanese made for the emperor during World War II, reflections on the underlying cause of the war or Japan's actions are absent. Though the Okinawan Prefectural Memorial Peace Museum focuses on the suffering caused by war and the need for lasting world peace, its exhibits do not shy away from identifying that acts of Japanese aggression resulted in the war, according to professor and scholar Matthew Allen. In contrast to the museum, the Cornerstone of Peace attempts to provide a location where all involved in the battle are remembered equally, without separating invader from invaded or aggressor from dominated. Visitors can mourn the deaths of the invading Allies, the Imperial Japanese Army, Koreans or Taiwanese conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army, and Okinawan civilian casualties, as noted by Nobuyoshi Takashima, a Japanese historian.

Ota Masahide, the Prefectural governor, conceived the idea of a memorial representing Okinawa's sincere desire for world peace. Ota wanted a monument that would embody the spirit of an Okinawan folk song which Takashima paraphrases as follows:

"In remembering the war dead, what need is there to distinguish friend from enemy? After all, every enemy soldier who came to Okinawa to fight was only following orders and doing his duty to his country, not out of any personal grudge against the people of Okinawa. As fellow human beings, let us mourn his untimely death, just as we mourn our own war dead, because life itself is a treasure."

Although many Okinawans balked at memorializing their loved ones next to those responsible for their deaths, be it Japanese or Allied soldiers; Ota attempted to persuade his constituents to forgive the militaries with the understanding that enmity and hatred were anathemas to peace. One generation's animosity should not pass on to future generations. Otherwise, Okinawa would not be a beacon of peace to the world.

In September 1993, Ota announced a design competition for the Cornerstone of Peace. With a design entitled Everlasting Waves of Peace, Nakaima Kenji and his group from the University of the Ryukus won the competition among 274 submissions. The monument comprises slabs of black South African granite arranged in concentric arcs resembling ocean waves or traditional folding screens. The walls face east, toward the Pacific Ocean and the rising sun. The main walkway divides the walls, leading to a central plaza and the Flame of Peace. Engraved into the walls are the names of all those killed in the Battle of Okinawa. The home prefecture lists Imperial Japanese soldiers. Allied forces are listed alphabetically, as are the Korean and Taiwanese soldiers conscripted into the Japanese Army. The monument includes the names of all Okinawans, listed separately from the military, killed in war-related contexts, starting with the Manchurian incident in 1931 through 7 September 1946, representing all of Okinawa's sacrifices during WWII as noted by Gerald Figal, Professor of History and Asian Studies at Vanderbilt University. Sunlight and light from the Flame of Peace illuminate the names engraved on the walls as if blessing the souls of the dead, representing the desired unity in life and death between Okinawans, mainland Japanese, and Americans, according to Takayuki Kato, associate professor at Seiwa University.

At the time of the monument's unveiling, on 23 June 1995, the 50th anniversary of the end of the Battle of Okinawa, the memorial included the names of 147,110 Okinawans, 72,907 Japanese from other prefectures, 14,005 Americans, 133 Koreans, and 28 Taiwanese. Government records verified the accuracy of all names, with surviving family members providing consent for the name to appear on the wall, as detailed by Figal. Despite then-Governor Ota's insistence on including all those killed in the battle, including high-ranking officers, not everyone accepted this decision for "equal representation." Some Okinawans felt the memorial did not recognize Imperial Japan's colonization of Okinawa, Korea, or Taiwan. Nor did it distinguish between those giving those following orders or potential enemy collaborators among Okinawans and innocent bystanders. Perhaps most important to some critics was the idea that the memorial attempted to reconcile Japan with the United States and Asia without reflecting upon the harm caused by Japan's wartime aggression and colonial domination, as related by Figal.

Japan's other WWII memorials, such as the Peace Museum and Park in Hiroshima or Nagasaki, the Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots, nor Shokeikan Museum for Wounded Soldiers, focus on victimization and make no mention of Japan's role in its downfall. Thus, Japan's "peace monuments" are not considered counter monuments. James Young, Distinguished Professor Emeritus and Founding Director of the Institute for Holocaust, Genocide, and Memory Studies at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, defines counter monuments as memorial spaces conceived to challenge the premise of the monument. The Cornerstone of Peace does not attempt to offer reparation to those killed in battle or redeem or rationalize the event, nor is it an absence or a void that requires the viewer to embody the memory of the event.

Kato argues that the Cornerstone of Peace represents a postmodern approach to collective memory which may be a more appropriate interpretation of this particular monument. Postmodern commemoration allows for the expression of multiple viewpoints of collective memory. The arrangement of names on the granite stelae invites different interpretations of the monument. Though purported to have equal representation for all killed during the battle, visitors may remember those killed in various manners. Okinawan citizens are all listed on the north side of the monument, allowing visitors to go directly to those sites without passing the names of Japanese or Allied aggressors. Conversely, all foreigners are listed on the south side. American or British visitors may remember their loved ones' triumphant sacrifice against the Imperial Army without reflecting on the number of civilian lives lost. Visitors from mainland Japan face a dilemma as they must walk past the names of their old enemies from the Allied forces and those they pressed into service from Korea and Taiwan. As a postmodern memorial, the careful arrangement of the names of the deceased attempts to strike a compromise among all involved in the battle without creating one dominant narrative of aggressor versus victimized but instead focuses on the overwhelming loss of life.

Despite Okinawa viewing itself as a separate part of Japan that was colonized and oppressed by the same imperial government that subjugated Asia, neither Korea nor Taiwan accepted the idea of including their citizens' names on the Cornerstone of Peace. Most of these men did not serve voluntarily; the Japanese Army forced them into service. Once absorbed by the Japanese, they received Japanese names with their names lost to history. This made locating surviving family members much more challenging, as researchers had to identify soldiers' birth names before attempting to contact families. Many families had never revealed that the Japanese Army had conscripted their loved ones. Post-war Koreans and Taiwanese viewed having a family member serve in the Imperial Japanese Army as tantamount to being a traitor, even though the individuals had no choice but to go into service. If soldiers' families were identified, they often declined permission to engrave their names on the memorial. In the rare case that a family granted authorization, the question of which name to use arose, as discussed by Takashima. Should the soldier's birth name be engraved, or should his Japanese name memorialize him? If the family chose the Japanese name, were they genuinely remembering their loved one? If they chose his birth name, the possibility existed that others would recognize the family name, which would tarnish the reputation of surviving family members. This reluctance to have these names on the wall is particularly true for Korean families. Japan pressed approximately 10,000 Koreans into service on Okinawa; over 400 became casualties. Of those, about 75% had surviving family members identified. Yet, just over 200 families approved of having their loved ones' names inscribed on the memorial, as documented by Giovanni Lamberti.

The Cornerstone of Peace represents an Okinawan view of the Pacific War and is one of several destinations for the relatively new idea of "peace tourism" on the island. As opposed to traditional battlefield tourism, peace tourism is an attempt by both private and public organizations on Okinawa to provide visitors with a complete history of the Battle of Okinawa. Figal describes how "peace guides," volunteers dedicated to preserving the history of World War II Okinawa, lead tours previously led by "war experience storytellers," survivors of the battle who now make up less than 5% of Okinawa's population. Numerous tours now exist based on specific interests, including battlefields, military bases, and civilian shelters. Besides the Peace Park and Cornerstone of Peace, stops can include Itokazu Cave, Kakazu Bluff (Ridge), and the Himeyuri Student Nurses Monument. Regardless of the tour, all stops focus on the specific Okinawan experience during the war and what one may find in a textbook from the mainland while providing a unique perspective from the only part of Japan to experience armed conflict directly.

(Edited by Brad Poss and Laura Bailey)

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